This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.īradley A, Evans M, Kaufman MH, Robertson E (1984) Formation of germ-line chimaeras from embryo-derived teratocarcinoma cell lines. These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. Hence, ES cells are highly pluripotent in vitro and are totipotent in vivo, strongly suggesting that they will be useful as a model system for postimplantation stages of embryonic development. When the cells are injected back into the blastocyst (blastocyst injection, see Illmensee and Stevens 1979), they can adhere to the inner cell mass and take part in the embryonic development of the reimplanted blastocysts, contributing to the germ line in 25%-50% of the offspring (Bradley et al. However, when cultured in suspension in the absence of feeder cells, they spontaneously differentiate through a series of embryoid bodies of increasing complexity which are to some degree analogous to several embryonic stages of development (Doetschman et al. 1985) or an appropriate fibroblastic cell line (Martin and Evans 1975), ES cells do not differentiate and remain stem cells. When grown on feeder layers of embryonic fibroblasts (Doetschman et al. They can be distinguished from teratocarcinoma cells in that they are established without being passaged through teratocarcinomas. These blastocyst-derived embryonic stem cells were called ES (or EK) cells. In 1981 two laboratories were successful for the first time in establishing cell lines directly from the inner cell mass cells of the mouse blastocyst (Evans and Kaufman 1981 Martin 1981).
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